Monitoring navel orangeworm (Lepidoptera: Pyralidade) males and females with phenyl propionate traps in almonds and pistachios

We examined phenyl propionate as an attractant for trapping navel orangeworm Amyelois transitella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) adults, with the objective of developing a method of trapping adults of both sexes more effectively than with almond meal. Two initial experiments optimized the total number of adults captured using phenyl propionate released from glass vials with cotton wicks. A third experiment compared the number of males and females captured using these glass dispensers in either bucket or sticky traps. The glass vial dispensers captured more adults than 0.1% phenyl propionate in water (as both attractant and killing agent), and far more adults were captured with glass vial phenyl propionate dispensers than with almond meal. On rare occasion the glass vial dispensers captured as many adults as traps baited with virgin females, but usually phenyl propionate in glass vials captured fewer adults than virgin-baited traps. Glass vial phenyl propionate dispensers were equally effective in sticky traps or bucket traps. The majority of females captured were mated, and the proportion of males captured increased over time within flights (generations). We conclude that phenyl propionate released from glass vials captured navel orangeworm adults more effectively than currently available options, and will be useful in research projects where capturing intact adults and comparing mating status are important. Developing a cost-effective phenyl propionate-based alternative to the egg traps currently used for commercial monitoring will be more difficult.