Tawny Crazy Ants in Hawaii? Evidence of niche shift and global invasion potential of Nylanderia fulva

Rapidly increasing global trade and human movement have accelerated the rate of species introductions and establishment into novel areas across the world Analysis of an invasive species’ niche shift between native and introduced ranges, along with potential distribution maps, can provide valuable information about its invasive potential. The tawny crazy ant, Nylanderia fulva, is a rapidly emerging and economically important invasive species in the southern United States. It is originally from east-central South America and has also invaded Colombia and the Caribbean Islands. Our objectives were to generate a global potential distribution map for N. fulva, identify important climatic drivers associated with its current distribution, and test whether N. fulva’s realized climatic niche has shifted across its invasive range. We used MaxEnt niche model to map the potential distribution of N. fulva using its native and invaded range occurrences and climatic variables. The principal component analysis was used for investigating potential shifts in the realized climatic niche of N. fulva during invasion. We found strong evidence for a shift in the realized climatic niche of N. fulva across its invasive range. Our models predicted potentially suitable habitat for N. fulva in Hawaii, United States, and other parts of the world. Our analyses suggest that the majority of observed occurrences of N. fulva in the US represent stabilizing populations. Mean diurnal range in temperature, degree days at ≥10°C, and precipitation of driest quarter were the most important variables associated with N. fulva distribution. The climatic niche expansion demonstrated in our study may suggest significant plasticity in the ability of N. fulva to survive in areas with diverse temperature ranges shown by its tolerance for environmental conditions in the southern US, Caribbean Islands, and Colombia. The risk maps produced in this study can be useful in preventing N. fulva’s future spread, and in managing and monitoring currently infested areas.