Effects of above and below-ground insect herbivory on stress-mediated enzymes in endophytic and non-endophytic tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea)

Pre-established endophytic and non-endophytic tall fescue will be caged with Japanese beetles. The adult Japanese beetles were caged twice on each type of tall fescue so as to produce larva. Harvesting will begin when 3rd instars have been observed in the field for density readings which will be discussed. The visual appearance of the turf was rated before harvest. Grass clippings were collected at three occurances to measure the stress-mediated enzyme activity. The grasses will also be analyzed for the alkaloid content produced by the endophytes. The results of each parameter will be discussed.