A new interpretation of homologies of the head of Membracoidea based on nymphal morphology with some notes on other groups of Auchenorrhyncha (Hemoptera)

The ground plan and the comparative morphology of the nymphal head of Membracoidea are presented with particular emphasis to the position of the clypeus, frons, epistomal suture, and ecdysial line. Differences in interpretation of the homopteran head are discussed. The main modifications of the leafhopper head and comparison of those changes with the head of other superfamilies of Auchenorrhyncha are described.