The genus Polyplectropus is distributed worldwide and has approximately 165 species. To date, 53 species have been described from the Neotropical region and more than 40 new species are described. A comprehensive treatment of all species, to include new diagnoses, descriptions, and illustrations as well as distributional records has been completed for the Neotropical fauna. In addition, an assessment of phylogenetic relationships at the species group level and standardization of morphological terminology for homologous characters was undertaken.