Anna K. Wallingford, awalling@vt.edu1, Peter M. Sforza, sforza@vt.edu1, and Douglas Pfeiffer, dgpfeiff@vt.edu2. (1) Virginia Tech, Price Hall, Department of Entomology, Blacksburg, VA, (2) Virginia Tech University, Department of Entomology, 205-C Price Hall, Blacksburg, VA
Pierce’s disease (PD) is caused by the xylem-limited bacterium Xylella fastidiosa and is vectored by certain xylem-feeding members of the suborder Auchenorrhyncha. Vine loss due to the proliferation of the PD-causing bacterium and blocking of xylem vessels has proved prohibitive to the production of European grape varieties (Vitis vinifera) in the southeastern U.S. Many grape growing regions of Virginia have been considered to be at low risk for chronic infections of PD as cold winter temperatures limit growth and reproduction of the bacterium. However, as average temperatures are climbing, these regions may be at increasing risk of chronic infection. There is a need to investigate the presence of X. fastidiosa and its vectors in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Members of the subfamily Cicadellinae, commonly known as sharpshooters, were collected on yellow sticky traps at fourteen commercial vineyards throughout Virginia from March 2006 to October 2006. Oncometopia orbona (F.) and Graphocephala versuta (Say) have been emphasized, as they are known vectors of PD and of the most abundant vector species in Virginia. These fourteen sites were representative of six geographic regions as well as three risk zones, low, moderate and high, determined by average number of days during which the temperature dropped below –12.2oC. Peak flight data were evaluated within each region and each risk zone in order to further assess the potential impact of vector feeding on the spread of PD.
Species 1: Hemiptera Cicadellidae
Oncometopia orbona (sharpshooter)
Species 2: Hemiptera Cicadellidae
Graphocephala versuta (sharpshooter)
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Student Competition for the President's Prize Display Presentations, Section Cc. and Ce. Insect Vectors in Relation to Plant Diseases and Insect Pathology and Microbial Control
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Student Competition PosterSee more of
The 2006 ESA Annual Meeting, December 10-13, 2006
- From Ing. José García de la Rosa, Consultant, November 27, 2006
During the time I worked for Pfizer México(36 years), developing the use of antibiotics to control bacteria and
phytoplasma, I had the opportunity to learn about Pierce's Disease(PD). In those years it destroyed thousands
of hectares of vineyards in the main producing areas, despite of all the insecticides applied to control insect
vectors. At the present time, the only important acreages left are in Hermosillo and Caborca in the State of Sonora;
Ensenada, Baja California and small areas in Queretaro and Zacatecas. It is estimated that a total of 40-50,000
hectares are still remaining, though already damage by PD.
Based on the experience I acquired on phytoplasma diseases in other crops, and for their similarity with the
symptoms of PD, several years ago I proposed the following HYPOTHESIS:
PIERCE'S DISEASE IS CAUSED BY A PHYTOPLASMA AND CAN BE CONTROLLED WITH OXYTETRACYCLINE.
Unfortunately, I did not have time to prove it, because I retired in May 2003.
My HYPOTHESIS is based on the following facts:
° Leafhoppers and psyllids are the main vectors of phytoplasma that cause symptoms very similar to PD,
known as Grapevine yellows in the USA; Flavescence dorée, Bois noir and Vergilbungskrankheit in Europe.
° By chemical control of the insect vectors, you will never stop the phytoplasma diseases because once the
insect introduces the stylet, the phytoplasma is transmitted, regardless of whether the insect is killed
afterwards.
° With insecticides you may reduce the insect population at a very high cost and risk, but you can not
prevent the transmission of the disease, because leafhoppers can fly very long distances in one day according with wind velocity; hence, this is not the solution for the problem.
° The symptoms of PD, are exactly the same as those caused by phytoplasma in other crops. The symptoms
caused by bacteria are quite different and required >90% Relative Humidity. Besides, with Xylella fastidiosa,
Koch's Postulates have not been fulfilled; therefore it doesn't have a scientific basis.
° Xylem conducts water and dissolved minerals from the roots to other parts of the plant, where they will be
transformed in organic compounds by photosynthesis. Phloem contains the cell types called sieve
elements that conduct sugars. X. fastidiosa, like all bacteria, needs sugars in the culture media to multiply;
hence, X. fastidiosa can grow in the xylem only as saprophyte.
° In any crop, all bacteria diseases can be easily controlled by spraying streptomycin sulfate. Then, why is
nobody recommending its use in vineyards?. It is not toxic, nor does it leave residues; it is approved by the
Environment Protection Agency and it is less expensive than insecticides.
It is inconceivable that for more than 100 years PD has been destroying vineyards in California, and so far, there is not a cure in spite of all the money, research and time invested. What I propose, if there is the intention to control PD, is to test oxytetracycline during the spring of 2007 , and see the results by remission of symptoms 60
days after the first application.
Then, once the HYPOTHESIS is proven, PD can be controlled during 2007 and 2008.
Furthermore, other diseases attributed to X. fastidiosa in other crops, could also be controlled during the same
period of time.
At the present time, none of the short or long-term research projects, neither the Brazilian scientists, offer an
immediate solution; therefore, it would be unwise not accept my proposal.
Every year that the solution is delayed, the damage will increase exponentially, with a cost to growers of
$230 to $592 millions, according with the Environmental Impact Report.
Very truly yours,
Ing. José García de la Rosa
Consultant