The spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) species group is a pest complex that inhabits coniferous forests across northern North America. Cypress Hills, located on the border of southern Alberta and Saskatchewan, is unique in that it was not completely ice-covered during the Wisconsinan glaciation. It is inhabited by spruce budworm of two different mitochondrial DNA lineages, one of which characterizes C. fumiferana and the second of which is shared by species inhabiting the western regions of the U.S. and Canada. Pheromone traps placed in Cypress Hills also indicate that adults are attracted to two different pheromone blends. Both an aldehyde blend, used for trapping eastern spruce budworm (C. fumiferana) and western spruce budworm (C. occidentalis), and an acetate blend, used for trapping jackpine budworm (C. pinus), were successful in trapping moths. Microsatellite markers isolated from C. fumiferana and C. occidentalis were used to study the population genetic structure of the spruce budworm species complex in Cypress Hills.