Respiring after retiring: changes in ventilation when honey bees and paper wasps sleep

Identifying easily observable indicators of sleep would help when studying the importance of sleep. Some insects are known to ventilate discontinuously during sleep. How consistent and predictable is this correlation? We scored videos of metasomal activity (anterior-posterior pumping motions) of honey bees (Apis mellifera) and tropical paper wasps (Polistes canadensis) with the aim of distinguishing sleep from wakeful states.