The impacts of inter-kernel movement in the evolution of resistance to Bt-corn in corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea)

Larvae of corn earworm feeding on ears of corn are primarily consuming embryonic tissue that will vary considerably in toxin expression from the maternal tissue.  Movement during larval development among kernels expressing different phenotypes can significantly reduce the durability of Bt-corn products.  The significance of movement off of Bt-kernels versus non-Bt kernels, cross-pollination and silk feeding are discussed.