Codling moth granulovirus: defining use strategies for North American orchardists

The granulovirus of codling moth (CpGV), one of the most virulent baculoviruses, was first isolated from infected larvae in Mexico in 1963. Following extensive research conducted both in Europe and North America, CpGV is now used on over 100,000 hectares annually in Europe, but its adoption is only beginning in North America. Benefits in codling moth pest management include its efficacy, selectivity, safety to applicators and the food supply and minimal re-entry and pre-harvest intervals. Limitations include solar degradation resulting in short residual activity, slow speed of kill resulting in cosmetic damage to fruit and cost of product. This presentation examines the differences between the North American and European experiences with CpGV with respect to its adoption and fit in codling moth pest management programs. What were factors that drove the adoption of CpGV in Europe but limited its use in North America? The presentation will identify recent research conducted or underway to advance the adoption of CpGV in North American orchards. The presentation will also identify the barriers and impediments that limit more extensive use. Suggested research to help overcome these hurdles will also be discussed.