Development of arthropod resistance to xenobiotics

The occurrence of pesticide resistance frequently leads to the increased use, overuse, and even misuse of pesticides that pose a risk to environmental, agricultural, human and animal health. The economic impact of pesticide resistance in just the US has been estimated at $1.4 billion in agriculture. Arthropods have been evolving for millions of years to defeat natural toxins, and now 10,581 cases in 574 species of pesticide resistance have been counted, most of which have been recorded over the last 65 years of intensive pesticide use (http://www.pesticideresistance.org). Development of global arthropod resistance to xenobiotics occurring in agriculture, medical, veterinary, and forest areas will be discussed, as well as resistance cases by geographical area, insecticide mode of action, chemical group, and taxonomic group.