Soil drainage class, host tree species and thinning influence host tree resistance to the eastern spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.))

Spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) is the most destructive insect pest in the maritime and boreal forests of North America. Thinning has been recommended to reduce damage caused by spruce budworm. The positive impact of this silvicultural procedure on the vigour of the residual trees should render them more resistant to budworm defoliation. However, various research projects focused upon effects of this silvicultural tool on host tree resistance have yielded equivocal results. The main objective of this project is to determine the real effect of thinning on host tree resistance to spruce budworm attacks. Field-rearing experiments with spruce budworm were conducted, together with foliar chemical analyses, along a gradient of stand thinning density (0%, 25%, and 40% stand basal area reduction) and drainage class (mesic with seepage, class 3; subhygric, class 4; hydric, class 5) in balsam fir–paper birch association stands. Rearing experiments were also conducted in rapidly drained sites (class 2). The results showed that resistance to spruce budworm of balsam fir, unlike white and black spruce, is significantly reduced one year after thinning. This response was likely due to increased defoliation linked to reduction in certain monoterpene concentrations and to decreased foliage production, except on drainage class 5, where the treatment increased fir resistance. However, three years after treatment we observed the opposite response. High thinning intensity (40%) positively affected balsam fir and white spruce tolerance and, therefore, tree resistance by increasing foliage production and the amount that remained after budworm feeding. This increased resistance persists for at least 6 years after the treatment was conducted.