Some current issues of integrated pest management in fruit orchards

The present work presents some control methods and tactics that are currently used in IPM and as part of the wider framework of Integrated Fruit Production (IFP). The development of forecasting models, based on degree-days, as well as the development of Economic Injury levels and Thresholds as decision tools to determine the optimal treatment time for biorational insecticides and insect growth regulators is critical in our days. Given the importance of predicting distribution of insects, for insect ecology and pest management, this work presents temperature-driven models, in an attempt to describe continuous and progressive improvement of the physiological time concept in current entomological science and to infer the ecological and economical consequences for insect spatiotemporal arrangements.