Until the 1950s, Centre County, Pennsylvania’s Spring Creek was famous for massive emergences of the mayfly, Ephemera guttulata (or, “Eastern Green Drake”). In the 1950s through the 1970s, pollution by raw sewage and chemicals such as organochlorine pesticides is thought to have eradicated many of the waterway’s benthic macroinvertebrates, including E. guttulata. Since the 1970s, when the source of the organochlorine pollution was officially identified, through the 1990s, when the EPA began remedial work on the Centre County Kepone superfund site, other Ephemeroptera species have rebounded considerably; however, E. guttulata has not. Natural recoveries of other burrowing mayflies, such as the Hexagenia spp. in the Great Lakes, indicate that a rebound of E. guttulata may be possible; however, a well-designed and properly implemented reintroduction offers the greatest chance of a successful repopulation. Therefore, we intend to investigate the likely biotic and abiotic factors that have led to the species’ demise, then design and execute a plan of reintroduction based on ecological models and on World Conservation Union recommendations and protocols. Attempts to reintroduce this mayfly will provide an opportunity to publicize biodiversity issues concerning urbanized streams, and success would undoubtedly bring more anglers to the region, thereby boosting local revenue. Invertebrate extirpations and reintroductions receive far less attention than those of vertebrates—but the Eastern Green Drake’s sportfishing status and ties to Spring Creek make this mayfly a prime candidate for the spotlight.