Insect resistance management (IRM) for Bt crops is of great importance, because the development of insect resistance to Cry toxins threatens the longevity of effective Bt plant-pesticides. The U.S. EPA has identified eight components which should be considered when developing country-specific IRM programs. These components are: 1) pest biology, 2) dose, 3) refuge, 4) cross resistance, 5) resistance monitoring, 6) modeling, 7) grower education, and 8) compliance. The socio-economic factors which govern country-specific regulatory agencies will determine how each of these components is addressed. For information regarding the EPA's existing IRM program, please refer to the EPA's biopesticides website: www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides