Devrim Oskay, doskay@yahoo.com, Pedro Alvarez-Ortiz, palythoa1@yahoo.com, and Tugrul Giray, tgiray2@yahoo.com. University of Puerto Rico, Biology Department, PO Box 23360, San Juan, PR
Honey bees develop from flightless, to flying, to foraging individuals that can carry loads equaling their own weight in flight within several weeks of adult life. However, bee behavioral development is plastic, if colony conditions require, bees may initiate foraging as early as one week of age. Endocrine and neural developments of precocious foragers are indistinguishable from typical foragers. However, there is accumulating evidence that precocious foragers are not as successful as typical foragers. We tested the hypothesis that flight muscle development differs between precocious and typical foragers, explaining performance differences. We compared flight muscle contractile protein profile of typical and precocious foragers using 2-D gel electrophoresis.
Species 1: Hymenoptera Apidae
Apis mellifera (Honey Bee)
Keywords: flight muscle, forage load