The effect of long-term treatment with brood pheromone (BP) on honey bee colony brood rearing was tested. Colonies initially containing no brood were equalized for number of bees and amounts of empty space, stored pollen and honey and treated for 28 days with brood pheromone or a blank control. Pheromone treated colonies reared significantly greater brood areas than controls while amounts of stored pollen and honey remained statistically similar. BP treated colonies, on average reared 995.2 ± 95.2 se more bees than control colonies. Increased colony growth occurred as a consequence of BP acting on multiple behavioral and physiological mechanisms increasing the intra-colony pollen and protein nutrition environments. Age of first foraging was significantly younger in pheromone treated colonies, and novice foragers were significantly more likely to return carrying pollen. Hypopharyngeal gland protein content of 7, 14, and 21 day old bees was significantly greater in pheromone treated colonies. Combined, the latter two effects suggest that brood pheromone exerted 2-way priming effects on behavioral and physiological ontogeny allocating the adult work force toward brood rearing and foraging specific tasks. BP appeared to exert a 2-way priming effect on workers, such that brood nest bees showed an increased and extended capacity to rear larvae whereas foragers were recruited at a younger age into pollen specific foraging. BP played a significant role across multiple levels of colony organization dividing brood rearing between nurses and foragers, and allocating pollen resources associated with an important fitness trait, colony growth.