State-based Extension IPM programs have been the mainstay of IPM implementation since the early 1970's. Underpinned by federally earmarked Smith-Lever 3d funds, state IPM programs have leveraged these funds to create extensive IPM programming valued at many times the federal contribution in many cases. In addition, IPM programs, through the efforts of the state IPM coordinator and others, participate in state-level networks involving state government, agricultural industry and non-governmental organizations. Membership in these networks assure that IPM programming is targeted at problems important to the state and keeps IPM visible to the 'movers and shakers' at the state level. The rise of Regional IPM Centers as another layer of organization between state and federal partners, while purportedly offering efficient representation of states in the region to the federal government, a clearinghouse for regional IPM needs, a mechanism for directing federal funding in support of regional needs and improved communications among state IPM programs, has yet to fully define its relationship with the states. As the state-regional partnership grows, the trick will be to take advantage of what the Centers offer without jeopardizing the intrastate relationships that have brought untold benefit to IPM for more than 30 years.