Winter soil temperatures in the Holland Marsh, Ontario, fall below 5°C for 145-173 days, over half of which are below 0°C. However, mortality of pea leafminer pupae exceeded 75% when exposed to constant chilled temperatures (-6.5 to 7.5°C) for 32 days and reached 100% after 64 days. Evidence suggests that Ontario populations of pea leafminer do not enter diapause in the fall and no adults have been captured in emergence traps in the spring. PLM appears unable to overwinter for extended periods of time outside protected areas in Ontario and should therefore be classified as having an opportunistic survival. Pest management practices in the spring should be focused on preventing the spread of PLM from heated greenhouses where populations can occur throughout the year.
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