Pine needle scale, Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), is an important pest of several common pine species in the United States. Infestations can arise in locations where natural enemies are scarce, such as plantations that are sprayed with insecticides, or roadside plantings. We examined the relationship between environmental conditions and species composition of natural enemy guilds at various locations in East-Central Illinois. We have evidence that natural enemies can be encouraged to control scale infestations by modifying ecological properties of habitats.
Species 1: Homoptera Diaspididae Chionaspis pinifoliae (Pine needle scale)
Keywords: parasitoid, conservation biological control
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