we tracked nosema spore loads in honey and beeswax in three groups of colonies. One group had old equipment and regular queens, one old equipment and hygienic queens, and one group of regular queens and new equipment. Samples were taken monthly from May to October. This study was undertaken to determine whether equipment (old or new) and queen types (regular or hygienic) would have any effect on nosema spore loads in honey and beeswax, throughout the season.
Species 1: Hymenoptera Apidae Apis mellifera (honey bee)
Species 2: Microsporida Nosematidae Nosema apis (Nosema)
Keywords: parasitic
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