In natural ecosystems, trophic interactions among organisms rarely consist only of simple food chains. More commonly, they comprise an extensive web of interconnected relationships across and within trophic levels. The tritrophic relationships among plants, insect herbivores, and parasitoids provide a vivid illustration of these complexities. These interactions take place within a dynamic physical and chemical environment that is both spatially and temporally diverse. They include both aggressive and defensive interactions across trophic levels, involving, as well as the inter- and intra-specific interactions within each level. These interactions are often tightly interwoven and may have morphological, behavioral, and physiological components.
Species 1: Hymenoptera Braconidae Cardiochiles nigriceps
Keywords: plant-insect interactions, plant signaling
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