Patterns of genetic diversity and structure of three nymphalid butterfly species in Ghana: the role of forest fragmentation

Species inhabiting forest fragments are isolated to different degrees resulting in genetic drift with consequent loss of genetic diversity. Three nymphalid (fruit-feeding) butterfly species; Aterica galene, Euphaedra medon and Gnophodes betsimena differ in their dispersal abilities and habitat affinities and, therefore their presumed response to the effects of forest fragmentation on their genetic structure and diversity are predicted to be different. MtDNA cytochrome oxidase I was analyzed in seven populations. We found considerable levels of sequence divergence in A. galene, followed by E. medon, but nearly no divergence in G. betsimena. Results are discussed in the context of habitat fragmentation and biodiversity conservation.